描述
二位控制這是最簡單的反饋控制，有時也叫開關控制。這種控制是當被測量達到最高值或最低值的時候，就給出一個開關的信號。雖然被測量可能是模擬量，但控制輸出是開關的，所以叫兩位控制。在工業(yè)現場，有許多溫控器和液位開關控制是采用這種方式的。
比例控制控制器的輸出值與被控參數的測量值和設定值或某個參考點的偏差是一個比例關系。比例控制比二位控制要平滑一些，消除了二位控制時會產生的被控量上下振蕩的情形。比如，對一個反應罐的液位，如果設定的液位值是2700毫米，當液位降低時，進料管道上的閥門就要增加開度，而液位偏高時，則要將開度減小。增加和減小的比例與液位和設定值的偏差大小成比例關系。
積分控制在積分控制中，被控變量的值的變化與控制系統(tǒng)輸出控制到實際生效的時間有一個預先設定的關系。執(zhí)行機構的輸出是漸漸地達到設定的值的。這種控制方式的產生是由于實際的控制元件和執(zhí)行機構從給出輸出信號到使被控變量達到設定值往往需要一段時間。
最常見的例子是溫度控制，比如，假定我們知道到煤氣閥門的開度到60%的時候，熱水器的水溫能夠達到適宜洗澡的45度，但是，當你把閥門一下子擰到60%的位置時，水依然是涼的，你必須等一下，水溫升到45度左右的時候，就會穩(wěn)定。如果控制系統(tǒng)不用積分控制，而只用比例控制，那么當閥門輸出為60%時，這是輸入的溫度值可能依然只有20度，那么按照比例控制，既然偏差依然存在，則閥門的開度會繼續(xù)加大，這樣，當水溫升到45度時，閥門的開度可能會達到了90%甚至更高，這時，雖然控制系統(tǒng)會通知閥門保持不動，但水溫會繼續(xù)升高，可能到了50甚至60度，這時，閥門的開度會減小，但在減小到60%之前，水溫都會繼續(xù)上升，當閥門開度減到60%時，水溫依然可能70度，一直當閥門的開度變成20%時，水溫才會變成45度，這時閥門運動會停止，但水溫卻會繼續(xù)下降，直到變成涼水，如果這時是冬天，可能你的情形還要糟糕。這就是沒有積分控制的溫度控制器會發(fā)生的情況。如果你有小孩，當孩子第一次操作熱水器的閥門的時候，發(fā)生的情形就很像這種情況。
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