描述
MVI56-PDPMV1
二位控制
這是最簡單的反饋控制，有時也叫開關控制。這種控制是當被測量達到最高值或最低值的時候，就給出一個開關的信號。雖然被測量可能是模擬量，但控制輸出是開關的，所以叫兩位控制。在工業(yè)現(xiàn)場，有許多溫控器和液位開關控制是采用這種方式的。
比例控制
控制器的輸出值與被控參數(shù)的測量值和設定值或某個參考點的偏差是一個比例關系。比例控制比二位控制要平滑一些，消除了二位控制時會產(chǎn)生的被控量上下振蕩的情形。比如，對一個反應罐的液位，如果設定的液位值是2700毫米，當液位降低時，進料管道上的閥門就要增加開度，而液位偏高時，則要將開度減小。增加和減小的比例與液位和設定值的偏差大小成比例關系。
積分控制
在積分控制中，被控變量的值的變化與控制系統(tǒng)輸出控制到實際生效的時間有一個預先設定的關系。執(zhí)行機構的輸出是漸漸地達到設定的值的。這種控制方式的產(chǎn)生是由于實際的控制元件和執(zhí)行機構從給出輸出信號到使被控變量達到設定值往往需要一段時間。
最常見的例子是溫度控制，比如，假定我們知道到煤氣閥門的開度到60%的時候，熱水器的水溫能夠達到適宜洗澡的45度，但是，當你把閥門一下子擰到60%的位置時，水依然是涼的，你必須等一下，水溫升到45度左右的時候，就會穩(wěn)定。如果控制系統(tǒng)不用積分控制，而只用比例控制，那么當閥門輸出為60%時，這是輸入的溫度值可能依然只有20度，那么按照比例控制，既然偏差依然存在，則閥門的開度會繼續(xù)加大，這樣，當水溫升到45度時，閥門的開度可能會達到了90%甚至更高，這時，雖然控制系統(tǒng)會通知閥門保持不動，但水溫會繼續(xù)升高，可能到了50甚至60度，這時，閥門的開度會減小，但在減小到60%之前，水溫都會繼續(xù)上升，當閥門開度減到60%時，水溫依然可能70度，一直當閥門的開度變成20%時，水溫才會變成45度，這時閥門運動會停止，但水溫卻會繼續(xù)下降，直到變成涼水，如果這時是冬天，可能你的情形還要糟糕。這就是沒有積分控制的溫度控制器會發(fā)生的情況。如果你有小孩，當孩子第一次操作熱水器的閥門的時候，發(fā)生的情形就很像這種情況。
微分控制
微分控制通常與比例和積分控制同時使用，由于積分控制有一個滯后，微分控制可以讓控制對偏差的反應提前，以免控制系統(tǒng)的反應過于遲鈍。微分控制與比例和積分控制同時使用，可以使被控狀態(tài)更迅速地達到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，而又不會出現(xiàn)上文出現(xiàn)的振蕩現(xiàn)象。
PID 控制
在實際的控制系統(tǒng)中，根據(jù)實際變量的情況，上述三種控制方式有時只有一種，有時是兩種，有時三種同時采用。比例控制用P表示，積分控制用I表示，微分控制用D表示，根據(jù)采用的方式，分別稱為P控制，PI控制，PID控制。其中，PID控制是控制系統(tǒng)最常見的控制模式。
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